Telomere length was assessed on TMA sections containing areas of adenocarcinoma using a telomere-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for labeling total nuclear DNA as previously described (6 (link),14 (link)). Each individual TMA spot on each TMA slide was imaged using the TissueFAXS Plus (Tissue Gnostics) automated microscopy workstation and Zeiss Z2 Axioimager microscope. The digitized fluorescent telomere FISH signals were quantified using the TissueQuest software module to analyze the fluorescent images with precise nuclear segmentation. For each case, we evaluated prostate cancer cells and prostate CAS cells. Based on their unique morphologic features, other cell types (e.g. infiltrating lymphocytes) were excluded from the digital image analysis. Men without a valid telomere measurement were excluded (PCBN lower-grade N=4; PCBN higher-grade N=8).