Single-cell suspensions from spleens, dLNs, non-dLNs, or tumor tissues were prepared as previously described (42 (link)). Combinations of the following fluorochrome-conjugated antibody were used for cell surface or intracellular staining to define populations of NK, CD8, and subsets of CD4 T cells: CD3e (clone 145-2c11), CD8a (clone 53-6.7), CD4 (clone GK1.5), NK1.1 (clone PK136), NKG2D (clone CX5), CD44 (clone eBio4B10), CD11c (clone N418), MHCII (clone M5/114.15.2), CD80 (clone 16-10A1), CD86 (clone PO3), CD40 (clone 1C10), and CD3ζ (clone 6B10.2, BioLegend). For ex vivo restimulation, freshly isolated single-cell suspension was cultured in complete RPMI 1640 medium containing PMA (50 ng/ml) and ionomycin (500 ng/ml) for 6 hours before it was analyzed for IFN-γ production by intracellular staining with an antibody specific to IFN-γ (XMG1.2). Multicolored flow cytometry analyses were performed on LSR II (BD). Data were analyzed with FlowJo software (Tree Star).