This single-center prospective study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2020 and followed up on the clinical results of micro-TESE in male patients with idiopathic NOA who were seen in our Center for Reproductive Medicine’s outpatient clinic. We gathered and counted clinical information on age, testicular volume, and reproductive hormones as well as the clinical outcomes of sperm discovered by micro-TESE. Semen will be taken once more on the day of the micro-TESE retrieval to confirm azoospermia in all patients who performed at least three preoperative centrifugal semen tests that demonstrated azoospermia. Idiopathic NOA was defined after comprehensive diagnostic evaluations of all know causes for non-obstructive azoospermia. Patients who met the following criteria were excluded: (1) chromosomal disorders previously linked to azoospermia, such as AZFa/b/c microdeletions on the Y chromosome, Klinefelter syndrome, or Kallman syndromes; mutations of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator gene linked to congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens; (2) hypothalamic/pituitary defects; (3) testicular tumors; (4) testicular factors (cryptorchidism, varicocele, and disturbances of erection/ejaculation) linked to infertility; (5) using drugs that alter hormone levels (e.g., exogenous testosterone, selective estrogen receptor modulators, gonadotropins, or aromatase inhibitors); (6) either testicular or pituitary surgery, or a previous vasectomy.
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