We included 4 primary neonatal outcomes and 1 primary birth outcome: perinatal death (any stillbirth or neonatal death, as determined by the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database); low birth weight of less than 2500 g; preterm birth at less than 37 weeks; Apgar of less than 7 at 5 minutes; and cesarean delivery (all types). Secondary outcomes included labour induction with oxytocin, VBAC, assisted vaginal delivery (vacuum, forceps or both), spontaneous vaginal birth (SVB), third- or fourth-degree perineal tears, and breast- or chest-feeding initiation within 1 hour of birth.