Mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA as previously described.15 (link) Sensitization was done by subcutaneous injection of OVA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) adsorbed to 1 mg of aluminum hydroxide (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) in 200 μL of normal saline. After sensitization on days 1 and 8, challenges were done by intranasal inhalation of OVA (20 ng/50 μL in phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) on days 21, 23, 25, and 28 under isoflurane (Vedco, St. Joseph, MO, USA) anesthesia. The control groups were treated in the same way with PBS without OVA. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after the final OVA challenge after measuring AHR.