Previously developed invasion and metastasis microfluidic devices [41 (link), 42 (link)] were employed. A monolayer-invasion microfluidic chip and a multilayer-metastasis microfluidic chip were constructed of poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Silgard 184, Dow Chemical), which was replicated from SU-8 3035 negative photoresist (Microchem Corp.)-patterned wafers. Cell-inlet holes and culture chambers were created using differently sized punchers (1.5 mm and 3 mm diameter). After the PDMS chips were prepared, they were bonded irreversibly to a glass substrate after oxygen-plasma treatment for 90 s. Before use, the device was sterilized with UV light for 30 min.
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