The procedure and protocols have been described by previous reports [8 (link),16 (link),29 (link),30 (link)]. Briefly, sections were incubated with primary antibodies specifically against CD31 (1:200, BD Pharmingen, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), vWF (1:200, Abcam), CXCR4 (1:200, Abcam) and SDF-1α (1:100, Santa Cruz), while sections incubated with irrelevant antibodies served as controls. Three sections of kidney specimens from each rat were analyzed. For quantification, three random HPFs (400× for IHC and IF studies) were analyzed in each section. The mean number (expressed as a percentage) of positively-stained cells per HPF for each animal was first divided by the total positively DAPI-stained cells, then determined by the summation of all numbers divided by 9.
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