All fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies used are listed in “fluorochrome-target” format as follows: eFluor 450-CD122, PE-FoxP3, Allophycocyanin-CD4, PerCP-eFluor 710-TNF-α, PE-Cy7-Thy1.1, PE-Cy7-CD62L and PE-Cy7-IFN-γ were from eBioscience (San Diego, CA); V500-CD44, FITC-CD45.1, FITC-TCRβ, PE-CD25, Alexa Fluor 700-CD45.2, Alexa Fluor 700-CD62L, PE-Cy5-CD44, PE-Cy7-CD4 and Allophycocyanin-Cy7-TCRβ were from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA); PE-Texas Red-CD4 were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). PE-PBS-57 (analog of α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)) loaded CD1d tetramer was from the NIAID Tetramer Facility. Cells were stained for flow cytometric analysis as previously described (16 (link)). Briefly, live cells are incubated with Fc block (eBioscience) in 2% fetal bovine serum containing PBS, followed by staining with indicated antibodies against surface markers; to stain cytokines, cells were further fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA), permeabilized and stained with cytokine antibodies using PBS containing 0.3% saponin (Sigma). Flow data were acquired a on a FC500 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA) or LSRII system (BD Biosciences), and analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star Inc., OR).