For Azoarcus olearius DQS4T, a bacterial culture at mid-log phase grown at 37°C was collected for DNA extraction. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation and immediately frozen at −80°C until DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted, and transposon insertion junctions were selectively amplified, as described previously (79 (link)). Insertion junction libraries were multiplexed and sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 system. For Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1, libraries were sequenced on either the HiSeq 2000 or HiSeq 2500 system (Illumina) to map a greater fraction of the mutant population. Genomic DNA was extracted, and barcodes were amplified as described previously (16 (link), 18 (link), 80 (link)).