The study was approved by the Medical Science Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (approval reference number [2012]25–1). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants provided written informed consent by themselves or by their parents/guardians if they were under 18 years old after a complete description of the study. SZ and GHR participants were recruited from the inpatient and outpatient services at Shenyang Mental Health Center and the Department of Psychiatry at First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Healthy controls (HC) participants were recruited from the local community by advertisement.
All components of the study were conducted at a single site and included both longitudinal and cross-sectional study cohorts, aged 13–45 years. All participants were evaluated by 2 trained psychiatrists to determine the presence or absence of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders (SCID) in those 18 years old and older and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) in those younger than 18 years. SZ participants met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for SZ and not any other Axis I disorder. GHR participants were first-degree relatives of individuals with SZ and did not meet criteria for any DSM-IV Axis I disorder. HC participants did not have current or lifetime Axis I disorder or history of psychotic, mood, or other Axis I disorders in first-degree relatives as determined by detailed family history. Participants were excluded if any of the following were present: (1) the existence of substance/alcohol abuse or dependence or concomitant major medical disorder, (2) any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contraindications, and (3) history of head trauma with loss of consciousness for ≥ 5 min or any neurological disorder. Symptom severity was measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).
All components of the study were conducted at a single site and included both longitudinal and cross-sectional study cohorts, aged 13–45 years. All participants were evaluated by 2 trained psychiatrists to determine the presence or absence of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision (DSM-IV) Axis I Disorders (SCID) in those 18 years old and older and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) in those younger than 18 years. SZ participants met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for SZ and not any other Axis I disorder. GHR participants were first-degree relatives of individuals with SZ and did not meet criteria for any DSM-IV Axis I disorder. HC participants did not have current or lifetime Axis I disorder or history of psychotic, mood, or other Axis I disorders in first-degree relatives as determined by detailed family history. Participants were excluded if any of the following were present: (1) the existence of substance/alcohol abuse or dependence or concomitant major medical disorder, (2) any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contraindications, and (3) history of head trauma with loss of consciousness for ≥ 5 min or any neurological disorder. Symptom severity was measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).
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