Total RNA extracted from the liver and colon tissues was reverse-transcribed to cDNA using a SuperScript™ first-strand synthesis system for reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) (Invitrogen, United States). RT-PCR was performed on a LightCycler96 (Hangzhou Bioer Technology, Share-Holding Co.) using iQ SYBR Green Supermix (BIO-RAD, United States). The relative expression of lipid synthesis-related genes (Scd1, PPARγ [34 (link)]), lipid hydrolysis-related genes (Adrb3, Lipe, Pnpla2 [35 (link)]), lipid oxidation-related genes (Cpt2, Acox1, Ppargc1a [35 (link)], PPARα [36 (link)]), lipid transport gene (Fabp5 [37 (link)]), intestinal permeability-related genes (Occludin, ZO-1, Muc5 [38 (link)]), and inflammation-related genes (CD14 [39 (link)], TLR2, TLR4, NLRC4, and MCP-1 [40 (link)]) were adjusted with Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as the housekeeping gene. Relative quantification was calculated using the 2−∆∆Ct method. The primer sequences for RT-PCR can be found in Supplementary Table 1.
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