The pathway model was constructed using previously described approaches (20 (link)), and detailed methods are described in SI Appendix. Program assessment used the PITS survey tool and comprised five existing survey tools covering project ownership, self-efficacy, science identity, scientific community values, and networking, all of which measure different psychological components of a research experience and have individually been used in a range of investigations of educational programs. Before usage in this data collection process, the PITS survey was evaluated for its dimensionality, validity, and internal consistency (28 (link)). The tool underwent psychometric evaluation and has been validated for usage in the assessment of research experiences. Details of the survey cohorts, data, and statistical analyses are described in detail in SI Appendix. This study was approved and supervised by the Institutional Review Board of the Indiana University of Pennsylvania (14-302) and the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (PRO14100567 and PRO15030412).