Molecular Markers of Muscle Aging

Primary antibodies were obtained as follows: LC3B, tubulin, and MuRF1 antibodies were acquired from Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA), Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA), respectively; mTOR, pS2448-mTOR, Akt, pS473-Akt, ribosomal S6, pS235/236-ribosomal S6, 4EBP1, pS65-4EBP1, FoxO1, pS256-FoxO1, Atrogin-1, ULK1, pS757-ULK1, AMPK, and pT172-AMPK were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). All secondary antibodies were procured from Jackson Immuno Research Laboratories, Inc. (West Grove, PA, USA). The intercostal, diaphragm, and gastrocnemius muscles from male Sprague Dawley rats, either 6-month-old or 20-month-old were obtained from the Aging Tissue Bank (Pusan University, Pusan, Korea) [49 (link)].