Samples were immediately preserved using BioFreezeā„¢ sampling kits (Alimetrics Diagnostics Ltd., Espoo, Finland) following the recommended protocol by the manufacturer. The analysis of dominant bacterial species as well as SCFA profiles was performed by Alimetrics Diagnostics Ltd. Samples were washed and centrifuged for collection of bacterial cells. The cell walls were then disrupted, and chromosomal DNA was extracted and purified for use in quantitative real-time PCR analyses. The SCFA profiles were analyzed by gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using pivalic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as an internal standard. The chromatography procedure which used a glass column packed with 80/120 Carbopack B-DA/4% Carbowax stationary phase, helium as a carrier gas, and a flame ionization detector has been described previously by Apajalahti et al. [31 (link)].
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