Compound 68 was ordered through Chembridge and Fx2149 was designed/synthesized by Dr. Fengtian Xue’s group using 68 as a lead compound (Li et al., 2014 (link);Li et al., 2015 (link)). Both compounds were dissolved in 0.1% DMSO for use in biochemical assays. Anti-Flag antibodies, γ-tubulin antibody, anti-Flag-agarose, GTP-agarose, and PR-619 (deubiquitinase inhibitor) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-HA antibody (clone Y-11) was purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-ubiquitin antibody (clone P4D1) was purchased from Covance (Princeton, NJ, USA). Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-rabbit antibody, LipofectAMINE and Plus transfection reagents, and DMEM cell culture media were from Invitrogen™, and FITC goat anti-mouse antibody was from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).