For all experimental groups, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colonic mucosa sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for conventional histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for PCNA and β-catenin were performed using the labeled streptavidin-biotin method (LSAB kit; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), as previously described [14 (link),24 (link),25 (link)]. The primary antibodies for β-catenin and PCNA were obtained from BD Transduction Laboratories (No. 610154; San Jose, CA, USA) and Santa Cruz Biotechnology (sc-7907; Santa Cruz, CA, USA), respectively. PCNA-positive cells in the colonic mucosa were counted and expressed as a percentage of the total number of normal crypt cells. The PCNA labeling index (%) was determined from the assessment of a minimum of 200 crypt cells in each mouse [29 (link)].
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