Oligo DNA barcodes were designed based on the LIBRA-seq protocol (9 (link)). In brief, a 15 nt DNA barcode was inserted into the following sequence: 5’-CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCA-Barcode-CCCATATAAGA*A*A-3’. The barcodes used in this study were: TCCTTTCCTGATAGG(Spike), GCTCCTTTACACGTA(RBD). All the oligo barcodes were synthesized with 5’ amino modifier C6 and purified by HPLC (Integrated DNA Technologies; IDT). After purification, AviTag labeled proteins were biotinylated using the BirA biotin-protein ligase reaction kit (Avidity LLC, cat no. BirA500). The barcode oligos were linked to biotinylated S-ecto or RBD using the Solulink Protein-Oligonucleotide Conjugation Kit (TriLink cat no. S-9011) according to manufacturer’s instructions.