The pyruvate and glucose oxidation rates were determined by measuring 14CO2 production from the oxidation of [1-14C]pyruvate and [U-14C]glucose (American Radiolabeled Chemicals, MO), respectively, as described29 (link). Complete and incomplete FAO rates were determined by measuring the 14CO2 production and 14C-labeled acid-soluble metabolites production, respectively, from the oxidation of [1-14C]palmitate (American Radiolabeled Chemicals, MO), as described30 (link). Cells were lysed in 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulfate for protein estimation, and the data was normalized to total protein content.
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