Individuals were defined as having diagnosed diabetes if they self-reported a physician diagnosis of diabetes or were taking glucose-lowering medication at or before the CARMRI visit. We further categorized individuals with and without diabetes according to clinically relevant categories of hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c): <5.7, 5.7–6.4, ≥6.5% in persons without diagnosed diabetes and <7% or ≥7% in persons with diagnosed diabetes. Hb A1c was measured in whole blood using the Tinaquant II immunoassay method (Roche Diagnostics) on the Roche Hitachi 911 analyzer, a Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)-aligned assay. Glucose was also measured on the Roche Hitachi 911 analyzer using the hexokinase method (Roche Diagnostics). Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and serum albumin were measured in 2009 in stored serum samples with a Roche Modular P800 system (Roche Diagnostics) (26 (link)). Glycated albumin was calculated as a percentage of total albumin: {[(glycated albumin concentration in g/dL/serum albumin concentration in g/dL)/1.14] × 100} + 2.9.