Equal amounts of total proteins were separated on a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and then electro-blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were blocked with 5% dry milk in TBS buffer, and probed with rabbit anti-Hfq, rabbit anti-Crc or rabbit anti-E. coli-S1 antibodies (Sonnleitner and Bläsi, 2014 (link)). Immunodetection of ribosomal protein S1 served as a loading control. The antibody–antigen complexes were visualized with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-rabbit antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology) using the SuperSignalTM West Pico PLUS chemiluminescent substrate kit (Thermo Scientific). The signals were detected with ChemiDocTM Touch Imaging System (BioRad) and analyzed with ImageLab 5.2.1 (BioRad).
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