Roflumilast(3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-N-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzamide, MW = 403 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 2.5 µmol/kg), rolipram (4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one; MW = 275 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 3.6 µmol/kg), piclamilast (RP73401; 3-(Cyclopentyloxy)-N-(3,5-dichloropyridin-4-yl)-4-methoxybenzamide; MW = 381 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 2.6 µmol/kg), prazosin ([4-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-(furan-2-yl)methanone, monohydrochloride; MW = 420 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 2.4 µmol/kg), clonidine (N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine, monohydrochloride; MW = 267 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 3.7 µmol/kg), yohimbine (17α-hydroxy-yohimban-16α-carboxylic acid, methyl ester, monohydrochloride, MW = 391 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 2.6 µmol/kg), and diazoxide (7-chloro-3-methyl-1,1-dioxide-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine; MW = 231 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 4.3 µmol/kg) were sourced from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI), isoprenaline/isoproterenol (4-[1-hydroxy-2-(propan-2-ylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol, monohydrochloride; MW = 248 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 4 µmol/kg) and propranolol (1-naphthalen-1-yloxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol, monohydrochloride; MW = 296 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 3.4 µmol/kg) were obtained from Millipore Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA), and RS25344 (1-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione, monohydrochloride; MW = 412 g/mol; 1 mg/kg ≈ 2.4 µmol/kg) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All drugs were initially dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), subsequently diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at a pH of 7.4, containing final concentrations of 5% DMSO and 5% Cremophor EL (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and were applied by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (100 µL per 20 g body weight). The D-glucose was obtained from Fisher Chemical (Waltham, MA, USA), and insulin (Humulin R U-100) from Lilly USA (Indianapolis, IN, USA).
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