Following Th cell differentiation, the cells were seeded at 50,000 cells per well in 200 μL of culture medium in 96-well plates. Compounds were dissolved in DMSO at concentrations previously described in Cribbs et al. (35 (link)) and diluted to achieve the desired working solutions. Compound effects were compared with cells cultured in 0.1% DMSO alone whereas wells filled with media served as a background control. Following 24 h of compound treatment, media were harvested, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure cytokine release. For ISRIB (Sigma) blocking experiments we cultured our cells using 5 nM. Small molecules that were able to modify cytokine expression by a twofold change and P < 0.05 were considered as significant.