Paraffin-embedded KS specimens from HIV-negative and high-viral-load HIV-positive patients were collected at MacKay Memorial Hospital. The ethics of the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Yang-Ming University (YM107135E) and MacKay Memorial Hospital (18MMHIS050e). Tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC) as described in our previous report (56 (link)). Anti-HIV Tat antibody (Abcam; ab43014) was used at a 1:100 dilution. The histology was evaluated by Tung-Ying Chen and validated by a board-certified pathologist, Chin-Chen Pan, in a blind fashion.
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