To measure cell death, cells were seeded in a 12-well plate 1 day before treatment. After treatment with appropriate drugs, cells were trypsinized and collected in a 1.5-mL tube, washed once with PBS, and stained with 2 μg/mL PI (Roche) in PBS. Dead cells (PI-positive cells) were analyzed using a BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) 56 (link), 57 (link). To measure cell viability, 5000 cells per well were seeded in a 96-well plate 1 day before treatment. Upon treatment with the appropriate drugs where indicated, each well was replaced with fresh medium containing Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) reagent (Sigma). After incubation for 1 hr at 37°C, the plate was analyzed using a FLUOstar Omega microplate reader (BMG Labtech), and absorbance of the wells was measured at 540 nm. To measure cell proliferation, 1500 cells per well were seeded in a 96-well plate. 24 hr after seeding, cell viability was measured using CCK8 reagent as described above. This was considered day 0. Later, cell viability was analyzed every 24 hr, and the absorbance was normalized to that measured on day 0. Cell growth was indicated by the fold change from day 0 to as long as day 4 and was graphed 58 (link), 59 (link).