Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Pediatric Patients

12 patients received therapy with FMT plus PEN (80%). The guardians of the 12 patients refused immunological interventions, considering the adverse effects of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, and they agreed to FMT as first-line therapy. The number of FMT infusions was grouped into single (1 day) or multiple infusions (2-10 days continuously). No bowel preparation (cleanup or laxative administration) was performed before the FMT. The donor feces were collected 1 h pre-FMT, attenuated, and mingled with sterile normal saline (1 mg of feces was attenuated with 5ml of saline). Samples were filtered through sterile gauze, and a 100mL fresh fecal microbiota suspension was prepared for the FMT. The fecal suspension was poured into a sterile cup for the FMT procedure within 1 h. The routes of administration included colonoscopy and enema. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were performed by colonoscopy (Figures 2A, B). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were performed by retention enema (Figures 2C, D). After infusion, the patients were asked to hold a fixed position (>25° semi-reclining or hip-up position) for at least 4 h. The FMT procedure followed a uniform standard for each patient. All the patients in the FMT group received fresh fecal suspensions.