Plasma samples were pass through a 0.8 μm filter to remove additional cellular fragments and cell debris before exosome isolation (Millipore Millex). Exosomes were collected using the exoEasy Maxi Kit (Qiagen) [7 (link)]. A total of 10 ml buffer XWP were added and centrifuge at 5000g for 5 min to wash exosomes. We used 400 μL of Buffer XE (Qiagen) to dissolve the exosomes, centrifuged at 5000g for 5 min and then collected the eluate. All steps followed the manufacturer’s instructions. Purified exosomes were then stored at − 80 °C until use.
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