A validation cohort was created using 30 samples of pancreatic cancer and associated paracancerous tissues that had been validated by normal pathological investigation from our pathology department. All samples have comprehensive clinical information. Following serial sectioning of the tissue wax blocks, sample sections were collected and kept in a 4 °C freezer for later use. We subsequently performed IHC assays on formalin-fixed de-paraffinized sections using DSG2 (Abcam, ab150372), LDHA (Abcam, ab52488), and RACGAP1 (Abcam, ab134972) antibodies and took images with microscopy as described previously21 (link).
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