The measurement of serum urate in the NHANES 2007–2016 is described elsewhere (4 (link),12 (link)), including details of quality-control procedures (13 ). Values are reported in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) and can be converted to micromoles per liter (μmol/L) by multiplying by 59.48. Our primary definition of hyperuricemia was a serum urate level >7.0 mg/dL among men and a serum urate level >5.7 mg/dL among women. We also employed alternative definitions of hyperuricemia regardless of sex (i.e., serum urate level >6.0 mg/dL, which is the usual target level in gout care (14 (link),15 ), as well as >7.0 mg/dL, which is above the super-saturation point) (14 (link),16 (link)).