Human primary RPE (hRPE; Lonza, Walkersville, MD) was grown in retinal pigment epithelial cell basal media (RtEBM, Lonza) and cells at passages 4–6 were used in the experiments. To increase active Rap1a in RPE, the cells were transduced with adenoviral constructs expressing GFP-tagged active Rap1a (Ad-63E) or GFP only (Ad-GFP)7 (link). Forty-eight hours post transduction, cells were incubated with recombinant TNF-α (10 ng/ml, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or PBS for 24 hours.
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