The commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to measure the levels in pleural effusions or in PMC conditioned medium of thrombin (AssayPro LLC., St. Charles, MO, USA), TNF-α, IL-1β, PAI-1, and tPA (R & D System; Minneapolis, MN, USA) as previously described [20 (link)].
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