dLNs (2 inguinal, 2 axillary, 2 brachial, 2 popliteal, and 4 cervical LNs per mouse) were isolated and digested as described (45 (link)) in RPMI 1640 with 2% FBS, 0.8 mg/ml Dispase (Roche Diagnostics), 0.2 mg/ml Collagenase P (Roche Diagnostics), and 0.1 mg/ml DNase I (Sigma-Aldrich). Single cell suspensions were stained in the presence of Fc-block with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies (all purchased from BioLegend unless otherwise indicated) against the following targets: CD4 (RM4-4), CD45 (30-F11), CD3 (1452C11), TCRb (H57-597), CD44 (IM7), CD62L (MEL-14), CD69 (H1.2F3), gp38 (8.1.1), CD31 (MEK13.3), S1PR1 (713412, R&D Systems). Staining with S1PR1 antibody was performed in the presence of fatty acid–free BSA from Sigma-Aldrich; blood cells were used as S1PR negative controls (17 (link), 46 (link)). Stained cells were analyzed with the FACS Canto II (BD Biosciences) and Flow-Jo software. For ki67 (clone 16A8, BioLegend) intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized with the Foxp3 Fix/Perm Buffer Set (BioLegend). LN stromal cells were sorted as described (45 (link)) using a BD FACSAria Fusion cell sorter; CD45+ cells were depleted prior to sorting with anti-biotin magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec).