To measure changes in serum levels of corticosterone in response to physical restraint, blood samples (∼300 μL) were collected using the “tail clip” method (Vahl et al., 2005 (link)) before (at rest) and at 10, 60, and 120 min after the restraint for 30 min as previously described by our laboratory (Ju et al., 2017 (link)). Physical restraint was administered using rodent holders (Kent Scientific Corporation, Torrington, CT, United States). Serum corticosterone was measured using commercial ELISA kits (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, United States) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
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