Kailuan Study: Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors

We collected information on sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, birth date, and education level), lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol intake, salt intake, and physical activity), medical history (e.g., CVD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history of CVD), and active treatments such as hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering medications through the self-reported questionnaire in the Kailuan Study since the baseline survey, as detailed previously (13 (link)). Education was classified as less than high school and high school or above. Drinking status was stratified into two levels: current or never/former. Weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)². Moreover, BP was measured on the left arm using an appropriate cuff size after the participant had a rest in a chair for at least 5 min. The average values of at least two readings each of systolic and diastolic BPs were used for further analysis.
The blood sample of each participant was collected on the morning of the survey after at least a 12-h fast. All samples were measured by a Hitachi 747 autoanalyzer at the central laboratory of the Kailuan General Hospital. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation (15 (link)).