B cells were stimulated with LPS as described above and with 0.5 μg/ml anti-mouse CD40 (clone FGK45, Enzo Life Sciences). The following cytokines were then added for specific switching: for IgG1, IL-4 as described above; for IgG2b, 2 ng/ml TGF-β (R&D Systems); for IgG3, no additional cytokines; and for IgA, IL-4, TGF-β, and 1.5 ng/mL mouse IL-5 (R&D Systems). Flow cytometry analysis of switched populations was conducted after 4 days using cells stained with FITC- or PerCP-labeled anti-B220 (clone RA3-6B2, eBioscience), and either allophycocyanin-conjugated anti-IgG1 (clone M1-14D12, eBioscience), recombinant PE-conjugated IgG2b, IgG3, or IgA antibodies (Southern Biotech). For germline transcripts, B cells were stimulated 4 days as described above. mRNA was harvested and converted to cDNA as stated for AID qPCR. PCR was performed as given previously (17 (link), 18 (link)) using primers synthesized by IDT.