Details on genotyping and imputation have been reported previously(17 (link)–19 (link)). In brief, DNA was mostly obtained from blood samples, with some from buccal swabs. Several platforms, including Affymetrix 500K, Affymetrix Axiom, Illumina 1M, 1M duo, Illumina 300K, Illumina 550K, 550Kduo, 610K, Illumina OmniExpress, Illumina OmniExpressExome, Illumina Oncoarray, Illumina Oncoarray+custom iSelect, were used for genotyping(20 (link),21 (link)). Samples were excluded on the basis of sample call rate, heterozygosity, unexpected duplicates or relative pairs, gender discrepancy and principal component analysis (PCA) outliers. SNPs were excluded on the basis of inconsistency across platforms, call rate, and out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in controls(20 (link)). SNPs were imputed using Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC version r1.0) reference panel (22 (link)), and restricted by imputation accuracy (R2>0.3 for SNPs with MAF>1%, R2>0.5 for SNPs with MAF>0.5% and <1%, and R2>0.99 for SNPs with MAF<0.05%).