Murine Models of Bacterial Infection

In vivo experiments were performed using age and sex-matched WT, Tnfr1^−/−, and Cd4^−/− C57BL/6J mice (Jackson Laboratories). Mice were anaesthetized with 100 mg/kg ketamine and 5 mg/kg xylazine, infected intranasally with MRSA, S. aureus 502A, K. pneumoniae ST 258 or P. aeruginosa PAK (10⁷ cfu in 50 QL of PBS), and sacrificed 18-24 hours after infection. To deplete macrophages, 75 QL of clodronate liposomes or PBS liposome controls were inoculated intranasally 24 hours prior to infection with MRSA as previously described^{12 (link)}. For the neutralization of IL-16, 100 μg of anti-IL-16 antibody (ab9563; Abcam) or IgG isotype (Jackson ImmunoResearch) was injected intraperitoneally 2 hours prior to infection as previously described^{45 (link)}. Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the IACUC at Columbia University (protocol number AAAE5252 and AAAD0624).