Cell death was detected using FAM FLICATM Caspase-1 Kit (Bio Rad, USA) by flow cytometry according to a previous study [21 (link)]. The cells in each group were placed in a fluorescence-activated cell sorting tube and resuspended. The cells were then treated with 1 µg/mL PI and caspase-1, then cultured in the dark for 5 min. Finally, PI fluorescence was measured using a flow cytometer (Agilent Technologies, USA).
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