Hepatic whole-cell lysates were prepared as described previuosly (49 (link)). The denatured protein samples (20 μg) were fractionated on Any kD Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Primary antibodies and the titers used for western blotting were as follows: goat polyclonal anti-ALDH2 (N-14) (sc-48838; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA;1:1000); rabbit monoclonal anti-β-actin (13E5; Cell Signaling Technology; 1:2000). These were then reacted with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). The signal was visualized using an Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent Horseradish Peroxidase Substrate (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) and was exposed using a ChemiDoc XRS system equipped with Image Lab software (Bio-Rad Laboratories).