Pseudomonas aeruginosa American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 19660 (strain 180), an ExoU expression strain,20 (link) was used as the representative causative pathogen. The strain was made bioluminescent by transfecting lux operon into the bacterial strain as described previously.21 (link) This allowed noninvasive and real-time monitoring of bacterial bioluminescence, which is related to the corresponding colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria, by using bioluminescence imaging.22 (link) Bacteria were routinely grown in brain–heart infusion (BHI) medium (Fisher Scientific, Agawam, MA, USA) supplemented with 50 μg/mL kanamycin in an orbital incubator (37°C; 0.14g; New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA).