Bacterial cells were cultured in Luria Bertani (LB) broth at 37°C to an optical density of OD600 = 0.8. Protein production was induced by the addition of 0.5 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) (AppliChem GmbH, Germany). Bacteria were further incubated at 16°C for 18 h. Protein extraction and purification were conducted as previously described (Schubert et al., 2012 (link)). HIS-tagged proteins were purified by metal-affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA resins (Qiagen). Protein concentration was estimated by the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the purity of CCL2 and CCL2-Y92A was examined by SDS-PAGE.
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