qRT-PCR was carried out as described previously (20 (link)) in a CFX98 multicolor system (Bio-Rad) using 2 μg of total RNA reverse transcribed with an RT-PCR kit (Bio-Rad). Single-product amplification was confirmed by melting-curve analysis, and primer efficiency was near 100% in all experiments. Quantifications are expressed in arbitrary units, and target mRNA abundance was normalized to the expression of GAPDH by the method of Pfaffl (52 (link)). All the qRT-PCR results are representative of at least three independent experiments (n > 3). A list of primers is provided in the supplemental material.
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