Fecal samples were prepared as previously described[22 ]. Briefly, 1g of fecal samples was diluted, mixed, and homogenized in 5mL of protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States; P83401)[22 ]. Blood was obtained from patients and healthy control subjects at 8 am and serums were separated, collected and stored at ﹣80 °C before use. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Gal-3 were measured in serum and fecal supernatants of UC patients by using commercially available ELISA tests, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.