Between July 2019 and September 2021, a consecutive cohort of patients with PD visiting Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital was prospectively recruited. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital (JJ2020017029) and performed conforming to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants provided written informed consents.
The inclusion criteria were ① newly diagnosed patients with PD according to the UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria;18 (link) ② meeting de novo criteria, ie, L-dopa exposure no longer than 2 weeks and not within 4 weeks prior to study recruitment; ③ ranging from 40 to 85 years old. The exclusion criteria included ① medication-induced PD; ② signs or symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy or multiple system atrophy according to consensus criteria;19 (link),20 (link) ③ known severe normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) or vascular encephalopathy as demonstrated by MRI alone; ④ receiving drugs within the past 3 months that could influence serum Hcy, blood lipid and Cys C levels; ⑤ kidney and liver dysfunction; severe cardiovascular, respiratory, haematologic system, wasting or nutritional metabolism diseases. MRI and baseline cognitive evaluation were performed in all participants. Patients with PD dementia were excluded by clinical dementia rating (CDR) ≥ 0.5 points.
The inclusion criteria were ① newly diagnosed patients with PD according to the UK Parkinson’s Disease Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria;18 (link) ② meeting de novo criteria, ie, L-dopa exposure no longer than 2 weeks and not within 4 weeks prior to study recruitment; ③ ranging from 40 to 85 years old. The exclusion criteria included ① medication-induced PD; ② signs or symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy or multiple system atrophy according to consensus criteria;19 (link),20 (link) ③ known severe normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) or vascular encephalopathy as demonstrated by MRI alone; ④ receiving drugs within the past 3 months that could influence serum Hcy, blood lipid and Cys C levels; ⑤ kidney and liver dysfunction; severe cardiovascular, respiratory, haematologic system, wasting or nutritional metabolism diseases. MRI and baseline cognitive evaluation were performed in all participants. Patients with PD dementia were excluded by clinical dementia rating (CDR) ≥ 0.5 points.
