Protein concentration was determined by the BCA protein assay [43 (link)]. Membranes were exposed to the following antibodies purchased from Cell Signaling Technology: Occludin (#91131), Claudin-2 (#48120), Cleaved-IL-1β (#63124), IL-18 (#57058), Caspase-1 (#2225), NLRP3 (#15101), ASC/TMS1 (#67824), AIM2(#63660), β-actin (#4970), Malt1(#2494), Bcl10(#4237), Nod1(#3545), Card9 (#12283), Ripk2 (#4142). Anti-ZO-1 antibody purchased from abcam (ab221547), Anti-NLRC4 antibody purchased from ECM Bioscience(#NP5381). Western blotting signals were quantified by a FluorChem densitometer (Alpha Innotech, San Leandro, CA).
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