After deparaffinization, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed as described previously (17 (link), 21 (link)). Lung sections were stained with anti-HIF-1α antibody (Cat#: ab16066, Abcam) or anti- phospho-p65-NF-κB (pRelA) antibody (Cat#: 3033, Cell Signaling Tech). The slides were counter stained with anti-rabbit Alexa 564-conjugated secondary antibody (Cat#: A-11010, Life Technologies). Staining for CD31 (endothelial cell marker) was performed using rabbit anti-CD31 antibody (Cat#: ab28364; Abcam) at 1:2,000 dilution followed by DyLight 549–conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Singh et al., 2013). HIF-1α-, p65-, and CD31-positive cells in the lungs were counted blind using Axiplan 2 imaging (Hamamatsu, Japan) on computer selected 9000 μm2 areas. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue fluorescence). The procedure was repeated three times with different animals.