Neurological conditions were assessed using the American Spine Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale [15 (link)]. In addition, postoperative low back pain was classified according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system as follows: no pain (3 points), occasional minor back pain (2 points), constant back pain or sometimes severe back pain (1 point), and constant severe back pain (0 points) [16 (link)]. In this study, postoperative severe back pain was defined as positive in patients with zero or one point.
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