To modulate autophagy activity in mice, rapamycin (LC Laboratories, Woburn MA) and chloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were prepared as previously reported (15 (link), 36 (link), 41 (link)), and were intraperitoneally given for 4 weeks via ALZET® 1004 osmotic minipumps (DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA) at doses of: rapamycin 28 mg/Kg, and chloroquine 50 mg/Kg respectively.