HTM cells were cultured in collagen-coated plates (Flexcell International, Burlington, USA, BioFlex plates, BF-3001C), and after 90% confluency, the plates were fixed on a FlexCell (Flexcell International, FX-6000 Tension System). The cells were stretched at 0.69 Hz frequency with 15% stretching for 8h for gene expression analysis and 24 h for protein expression analysis based on previously published report (Luna et al., 2009 (link)). Cells and media were collected and processed further.