Immunocompetence Measurement Protocol

All statistical tests were run with SPSS for Windows (v. 20). Total hemocyte counts, melanisation/mean grey values, and mean diameters of inhibition zones were not normally distributed. Thus, non-parametric statistics were applied^{25 (link),26 (link)}. Each immunocompetence measure was compared across treatments using Kruskal–Wallis tests (KWT) followed by post-hoc pair-wise comparisons with Mann–Whitney U tests (MWU) and Bonferroni corrections (when more than two groups were compared)^{25 (link),26 (link)}. In order to calculate the repeatability of the functional measurements, we first applied a one-way ANOVA and subsequently calculated the approximate repeatability values from the F ratio and mean squares among groups/mean squares within groups according to Lessells and Boag^{60 (link)}.