CFA-induced arthritis is a well-established rodent model of chronic arthritis [41 (link),42 (link),43 (link),44 (link)], and it was elicited according to our standard protocol [45 (link),46 (link)]. Inflammation of the right tibiotarsal joint was induced by subcutaneous injection of 20 µL of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA; consisting of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspended in paraffin oil, 1 mg/mL; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) into the plantar surface of the right hind paw and to the tail root under i.p. ketamine (100 mg/kg Calypsol, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary) and xylazine (5 mg/kg Sedaxylan, Eurovet Animal Health B.V., Bladel, The Netherlands) anesthesia (on Day 0). An additional tail root injection was administered in the same volume on Day 1 to boost the systemic inflammatory effect.
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